12 year’s Famine in Puranic Literature and its Dating
In Puranic literature there are several and repeated
references to the famous 12 years famine that once occurred in India / Bharat
Varsha in ancient times (sometime prior to 2 millennium BC). I have come across
following eight narrations and I have calculated the exact dates of this 12
years famine occurrence (2183--2171 BC). Consequently following incidents can
be easily co-related historically in this time frame.
1.
There is reference of famine of 12 years at a stretch when Gautam was meditating at Triyambak parvat situated by the shore of
river Godavari. All the holy persons, munis, rishis etc flocked to the Ashram
of Gautam and asked for food for survival[1].
etc. Gautum rishi fed all rishis and saved them.
2.
The astrologers and astronomers of king warned Dasarath of the impending calamity for the coming 12 yrs, as a
result of Saturn invading Rohini Nakshtra
in Taurus. “The whole earth will become devoid of people”. Indra had given
a Kaamag Vimana to king Dashrath. King alighted on that Vimana invaded Saturn
with his mighty bow and sharp arrow. Saturn being impressed by the courage of
king, asked him how the king could cross his path, which no god or demon even
think of. King told Saturn about the apprehension of the wise men, that due to
masking of Rohini by Saturn, Indra will become incapacitated to produce rain,
earth will not produce eatables, and people will die. There will be no
oblations and sacrifices. There will be an ultimate doom. Saturn agreed that it
is his nature that everything is reduced to nothingness by his mere angry
glance. Saturn impressed by the dare act of Dashrath on behalf of people, gave
a boon as blessing, that who-so-ever applies oil on his body on Saturdays, the
day of Saturn, will not be pained by the angry glance of Saturn for full one
week. And who-so-ever offers till, oil and iron as daan, will be saved from the evils of Saturn for full one year, and
who-so-ever worships Saturn also will be saved from the evils of Saturn for two
and half years period of Sadsatti[2].
This incident occurred in April, 2183 BC. It means following 12 years after
this date famine did take place (2183--2171 BC).
3.
There is also a reference of the similar famine of 12 yrs in the period of
Shantanu, the father of Bhisma. Shantanu was the son of king Rishishen. Shantanu acquired throne in the place
of his elder brother Devapi as Devapi declined to accept throne willfully in
favor of his younger brother. Devapi suffered from some unusual skin disease
though he was very talented in every sphere of knowledge becoming of a good
king. Once there was a famine of 12 years in Shantanu’s kingdom. The priests
and sages concluded that may be the famine was due to Shantanu’s act of
injustice against his brother Devapi. There was a king named Shivi from Ushinar
who conducted yagya for Agni for next continuous 12 yrs so that Agni devata is
pleased[3].
4.
There is again a story about king Janak
ploughing the fields when a famine of 12 years and there was no rain for this
long period. During this deed of his Sita appeared whom he brought up as his
daughter.
Sitamarhi is a
district in Bihar situated on the bank of river Lakhandei (trib. of Bagmati)
approx. 50 km from Darbhanga. In Valimiki Ramayan, it is written that Janak
found a girl child while plowing field and he named her Sita. The god gifted
Sita brought an end to the year long drought and famine in Mithila[4].
5.
There is another reference to this 12 years famine in Ayodhya. There was a king
in that janpad with the name Saalankayan.
There was large number of deaths of human beings as well as animals. Vashisth
guided him to consult rishi Markandey. King worshiped river Narmada and Shiva
and then there was a rain and normalcy returned in his kingdom[5].
6.
A similar narrative is found in the epic of Mahabharata entitled “Viswamitra
Swapaka Samvad”. The tale is that, once a terrible famine occurred on the
earth. Viswamitra, out of hunger
sent all his disciples to search for food. They did not find food. Later on
they saw a dog was lying dead on the roadside. They brought the dead body of
the dog and being ordered by the sage, they all skinned it and cooked food.
Viswamitra, taking the cooked dogflesh, was about to offer it to the God like
Indra, Surya, Vishnu and others. All the Gods requested the sage not to offer
the food to make them profane, instead Indra assured rain on the earth and thus
Viswamitra brought rain from Indra.
“Once
Indra, the rain deity of heaven, being annoyed with the people for he was not
worshipped, Promised not to pour rain on the earth for twelve years, which
resulted in a terrible famine in the said region. The cattle started dying due
to shortage of water and grass. Even people started dying of starvation.”
Meanwhile, an old cultivator of a village called in all his sons to his presence and said that they have spent their time in playing and merry-making. He continued that he has become old like the ripen leaves of a dry tree. Now or then he might pass away. So he wanted his sons to learn the technique of cultivation. Ordered by their father the sons took bullocks and ploughed the field. But the soil was too hard for the share to penetrate. So the old man took all his sons into a river basin and in its sand he started ploughing. The whole atmosphere was filled with an illusion of cultivating the filed in rainy season.
Meanwhile, an old cultivator of a village called in all his sons to his presence and said that they have spent their time in playing and merry-making. He continued that he has become old like the ripen leaves of a dry tree. Now or then he might pass away. So he wanted his sons to learn the technique of cultivation. Ordered by their father the sons took bullocks and ploughed the field. But the soil was too hard for the share to penetrate. So the old man took all his sons into a river basin and in its sand he started ploughing. The whole atmosphere was filled with an illusion of cultivating the filed in rainy season.
Indra
curiously came down to the riverbank in the disguise of a Brahman. He saw the
old man ploughing in the river sand with his sons. He asked the old man as to
why he was ploughing the river basin like an insane. The old man replied that
he knew it was futile to plough there. But one should not forget his
occupation. Everyone should make his descendants learn his parental occupation.
Hearing it Indra returned leaving the old cultivator and thought that the old man had opened his eyes.
Hearing it Indra returned leaving the old cultivator and thought that the old man had opened his eyes.
One should train his sons about parental occupation; otherwise after him they would be nowhere. So Indra ordered his four sons (four clouds according to folk belief) to learn how to pour rain on the earth. Needless to say the barren earth overflowed with rainwater. Indra now realised how the old cultivator extracted rain from him by deception.”
In the Gond story the old
man is the counterpart of sage Viswamitra. The trickery played with Indra by the
old man has more propriety than the means adopted by sage Viswamitra. In the
folktale the old man had solved his problem in a positive way whereas in the
Viswamitra Swapaka Samvad, sage Viswamitra had adopted a negative approach in
solving the problem.
When the scare of famine ended after
twelve years, vishvamitra established Satyavrata on the throne of Ayodhya and
conducted Vedic rituals for him[6].
The Vishnu
Purana describes another legend of Satyavrata.
Satyavrata was a Chandala and when there was famine in the country then he
assisted Vishwamitra`s family. Satyavrata supported Vishwamitra`s family by
hanging deer`s flesh on a tree on the bank of the Ganges, so that they might
obtain food without the deprivation of receiving it from a Chandala. Thus for
this charity Vishwamitra raised Satyavrata to heaven and he became immortal.
A different story of Satyavrata is
related in Harivansa. When Satyavrata was a prince he attempted to carry off
the wife of a citizen. Satyavrata`s father punished him by depriving him out of
the home. Vasishtha, the family priest tried to soften the father`s decision
but failed. The period of Satyavrata`s exile was a time of famine, and Satyavrata
greatly helped the wife and family of Vishwamitra, who were in deep suffering
while the sage was far away from the family.
Satyavrata completed his twelve year`s
of exile and penance. One day he was hungry and having no flesh to eat, he
killed Vasishtha`s extraordinary cow, the Kamadhenu. Satyavrata ate the cow
himself, and gave some of the portions to the sons of Vishwamitra. In wrath
Vasishtha gave him the name Trisanku, for being guilty of three great sins.
Vishwamitra was grateful by the aid which
Satyavrata had rendered to his family at the time of famine and he made
Satyavrata the King in his father`s kingdom. Vishwamitra then in spite of the
opposition of the gods and of Vasishtha exalted the king Satyavrata alive to
heaven.
Another variation (version) goes like this : there was a king named
Trayaruna. His son was Satyavrata. Satyavrata was exceedingly strong. But such
was his desire for riches, that he committed many sins. His father Trayaruna
therefore decided to banish him. Trayaruna’s chief priest was Vashishtha and
the sage also supported the king’s decision.
“Go away,” Trayaruna told his son. “I do not wish to have a son who is
like you.”
“What will I do and where will I live?” asked Satyavrata.
“Go and live with the chandalas (outcasts),” his father replied.
Satyabrata went and started to live with the outcasts. In due course.
Trayaruna retired to the forest and there was no king to rule over the kingdom.
In the absence of a king, anarchy prevailed. For twelve long years it did not
rain and there was a terrible drought. Famine raged.
At the time, the sage Vishvamitra had gone away to the shores of the
great ocean to meditate. The sage’s wife found it difficult to make both ends
meet. There was no food to be had. She had no option but to sell off one of her
sons in exchange for a hundred head of cattle. With this wealth she proposed to
feed herself and her remaining sons. The person to whom the son was sold, tied
a rope around the son’s neck and proceeded to drag him away from the market-place.
The son thus came to acquire the name of Galava.
Satyavrata discovered what was happening. He rescued Galava and he also
made arrangements to ensure that Vishvamitra’s wife and sons did not suffer in
the sage’s absence. The entire family was looked after by Satyavrata.
Satyavrata killed deer and other wild animals in the forest. He brought the
meat to Galava’s family. He also tended to his father who had retired to the
forest.
One one particular day, there was no game to be had. The sage Vashishtha
possessed a cow. Satyavrata was not at all enamoured of Vashishtha. The sage
had, after all, recommended that Trayaruna banish his son. Satyavrata therefore
stole Vashishtha’s cow and slew it. He ate the meat himself and also fed part
of it to Vishvamitra’s family.
Vashishtha was furious to learn this. He cursed Satyavrata. “You have
committed three sins (shanku),” he said. “You have stolen that which belonged
to others. That is your first sin. You have caused unhappiness to your father.
That is your second sin. And you have stolen and killed my cow. That is your
third sin. Since you have committed three (tri) sins. I curse you that
henceforth you will be known as Trishanku.”
After the twelve years of drought were over, Vishvamitra returned from
his wanderings and was delighted to learn that Trishanku had taken care of his
family in his absence. Despite Vashishtha’s opposition, Vishvamitra arranged
for Trishanku’s coronation. As a sage, Vishvamitra had acquired great powers.
He used these powers to send Trishanku to heaven in his mortal body. This was
such a wonderful act that everyone marvelled at it.
7. Over the years along the Saraswati,
the Saraswats established the concept of Kuladevatas or family gods, and began
worshipping them.
They accepted the Great Sage Saraswat Muni (son of Rishi Dadichi),
living on the banks of Saraswati as their Guru. There were about 60,000
(Shatsahasara) Brahmins who were his disciples. When a severe famine which
lasted for about 12 years hit the region and the crops were not enough to feed
everyone, the survival of the Saraswats was at stake. When they could find no
apparent solution to their vexing problem, at the advice of their Guru who was
pragmatic, they started to feed on fish from the Saraswati river for survival.
Thus they became the only fish-eating Brahmins ever known. This settlement was
in the land between the saraswati and Drishadvati rivers.
In times of yore, Brahmins were known as
Saraswats. They worshipped Saraswati, the Goddess of learning. Their erudition was
called Saraswata. They always chose for their habitat, the fertile banks of the
river Saraswati; and the land of their homes was known as Saraswata Desha.
River Saraswati has the reputation of having meandered, not less than five
times and the Saraswat Brahmins, followed her until she decided to go
underground. This is the reason Saraswats are assigned to several places of
origin, all true.
Manusmriti and the Puranas, make reverent
references to Saraswats as Vipra, a term of distinction for a Brahmin, who
practises what he preaches. Before he left for the Himalayas for Tappo Siddhi
or spiritual attainments, the great - sage Dadhichi, blessed his pregnant wife
Saraswati with a son, her namesake who would rise to be a world teacher.
“Tavaiva namna pratitaha putraste loka bhavanah
Saraswata iti khyato
bhavishyati maha tapaha”.
The prophecy came true, when in good time,
Saraswata Muni, initiated into vedic lore, sixty thousand Saraswats, who had
left their hearths and homes in a famine and come back after twelve years, when
prosperity returned.
Saraswats were sticklers for chaste diction and
correct articulation of Sanskrit, but at home, they spoke a vernacular bereft
of Sanskrit's ornate flourishes and tongue-twisting sandhis. Words,
sometimes-entire phrases, were reduced, in a set pattern, to a single word,
subtle and crisp and thus built up a sturdy and elegant speech, which they
called Brahmani.
The flow of the saraswati was in the middle of
the Bharatvarsha, comprising present day Haryana, Punjab, Present west &
south Pakistan, Rajasthsn, Uttarpradesh & Gujrat. Tragically, the
disappearance of the life-giving river led mass migrations in all directions:
along the courses of the Ganges and the Yamuna in the east, to Kashmir and
Punjab in the north, towards Rajasthan in the west in and, eventually, to Goa,
Karnataka and other places in the south. This gave rise to various smaller
denominations such as the Gowda Saraswats, Chitrapur Saraswats, Rajapur
Saraswats, Kutch Saraswats, Punjabi Saraswat etc., who gradually lost contact
with the roots.
8.
Mandhata, born of the left abdominal
cavity of king Yuvnashav in Ikshvaku lineage, was brought up by Indra himself.
He forced Indra, his foster father, to pour rain over his region, after famine
broke for 12 yrs[7].
[1] Narad
Puran, Uttarbhaag.
[2] Defeat
of Saturn by King Dashratha. Nagar Khand, Purvardh, Sakand Puran, ank 279, Gita
Press, Gorakhpur.
[3]
Vedkath Ank, Pt Shri Lalbihari ji Mishr in article “Sashantantra Praja Ke Hitt
Ke Liye”, Gita Press, Gorakhpur. Sakand Puran.
[4] Article
Source: http://EzineArticles.com/2137373
[5] Sakand
Puran, Aavantyakhand—Rewa Khand, ‘Maheshwar tirth ki mahima, Raj Saalankayan ka
Yajya’.
[7] Sakand Puran, Aavantyakhand—Rewa Khand,
‘Mandhata ka charitra’.